Prevalence and Temporal Trends of Autoimmune Diseases in People Living with HIV.

Since the introduction of modern antiretroviral treatment for HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV), the pattern of autoimmune diseases (ADs) in people living with HIV (PWH) might have changed. This is a retrospective study in a cohort of 5,665 PWH at the HIV Clinic of Hospital Universitario La Paz (Spain) to estimate the prevalence of ADs from January 1990 to June 2020. We divided the timeline into four periods: <1996, 1996-2006, 2006-2015, and 2015-2020. In total 369 participants were diagnosed with at least one AD, with a prevalence of 5.3% (95% confidence interval 4.7-5.9). In total, 302 (81%) participants were diagnosed simultaneously or after HIV diagnosis. Most prevalent diseases were immune thrombopenia (IT) (n = 90), cutaneous psoriasis (n = 52), autoimmune thyroid disorders (n = 36), spondylarthritis (n = 24), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (n = 21). There was a significant trend for more ADs in recent periods (p = .037). In recent years, participants with ADs were older, had a long time since HIV diagnosis, and had higher CD4+ T cell count and higher CD4+ T cell nadir (temporal linear trend p < .001). There was a change in the pattern of ADs over time with a decrease in IT and an increase in spondylarthritis, arthritis, IBD, and thyroid disorders. One hundred thirty-nine participants (46%) were coinfected with HCV, with a steady decline throughout the study period. Only cryoglobulinemia was statistically associated with HCV infection. AD increases over time in PWH with reasonable immune virological control. We observed a higher frequency of spondylarthritis, arthritis, autoimmune thyroid disorders, and IBD in recent years.

Infección por Helicobacter pylori en la población VIH+: una comorbilidad en la que pensar / Helicobacter pylori infection in the HIV + population: a comorbidity to think about

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las alteraciones gastrointestinales, son frecuentes en VIH+. Helicobacter pylori puede ser una causa infradiagnosticada. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda retrospectiva de pacientes VIH+ con infección por H. pylori entre enero de 1998 hasta diciembre de 2017. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 132 pacientes. La dispepsia fue la sintomatología más frecuente. Un 88,5% tuvo gastritis crónica atrófica. Se consiguió la erradicación en 102 (77,3%). La curación fue más frecuente con pauta cuádruple (p = 0,004) y en los más jóvenes (p = 0,041). CONCLUSIÓN: La infección por H. pylori podría ser responsable de manifestaciones digestivas inespecíficas en los pacientes VIH+

INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal disorders are frequent in HIV+. Helicobacter pylori may be an underdiagnosed cause. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with HIV and H. pylori were described since January 1998 up to December 2017. RESULTS: A total de 132 patients were included. The most frequent symptom was dyspepsia. 88.5% had chronic atrophic gastritis. Eradication was achieved in 102 (77.3%). Healing was more frequent with quadruple regimen (p = 0.004) and in the youngest (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION: H. pylori infection could be responsible for nonspecific digestive manifestations in HIV + patients

Abacavir/lamivudina + atazanavir no potenciado en la práctica clínica diaria: doce años de experiencia / Abacavir/lamivudine + unboosted atazanavir in routine clinical practice: Twelve years experience

Objetivo: Describir la eficacia en práctica clínica de abacavir, lamivudina y atazanavir sin potenciar (ABC/3TC+ATV) en pacientes pretratados. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo para describir las características clínicas y la evolución de los pacientes que, por prescripción facultativa, habían recibido tratamiento con ABC/3TC+ATV desde noviembre de 2004 hasta el 15 de junio de 2015. Resultados: Se incluyeron 236 pacientes. La mediana de edad (IQR) fue de 45años (42-50) y el 69% eran varones. Los principales motivos para su indicación fueron toxicidad en 130 pacientes (56%), simplificación en 60 (20%) y fracaso virológico (FV) en 29 (14%). El tratamiento previo contenía un inhibidor de la proteasa (IP) en 115 pacientes (48,7%), 3 inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos de nucleósido (ITIAN) en 56 (28%) y 2ITIAN y un inhibidor de la transcriptasa inversa no análogo de nucleósido (ITINAN) en 19 (8,1%). Tras una mediana de 2,2años (IQR0,8-5,3), 66 (28%) pacientes continuaban con la misma pauta, se retiró en 170 (72%), en 30 de ellos por FV (12,7%) y en 22 (9,3%) por pérdidas de seguimiento. Conclusión: En pacientes seleccionados, ABC/3TC+ATV es una alternativa de simplificación eficaz y bien tolerada, usada principalmente para minimizar la toxicidad (AU)

Objective: To describe the experience using the combination abacavir, lamivudine plus non-boosted atazanavir (ABC/3TC+ATV) in a group of pretreated patients. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective observational study to describe baseline characteristics and the evolution of patients who had received or were treating with ABC/3TC+ATV, from November 2004 and June 15th 2015, in the clinical setting. Results: Overall, 236 patients were included in the study. Median age (IQR) was 45 (42-50) years and 69% were male. The main reasons for using this combination were previous toxicity in 130 patients (56%), simplification in 60 (20%) and virologic failure in 29 (14%). Previous treatment was based in boosted protease inhibitor in 115 patients (48.7%), 3 analogs in 56 (28%) and non-analogous based in 19 (8.1%). Median treatment length was 2.2 years (IQR0.8-5.3). A total of 66 (28%) patients continue receiving ABC/3TC+ATV (median time 5.7, IQR2.2-8.3), treatment was changed in 170 patients (72%) (median time 1.6 years, IQR0.7-3.6), and 22 (9.3%) patients were lost. Virological failure was assessed in 30 patients. Conclusion: In selected patients, ABC/3TC+ATV is a durable and attractive therapeutic alternative (AU)

Abacavir/lamivudine + unboosted atazanavir in routine clinical practice: Twelve years experience. / Abacavir/lamivudina + atazanavir no potenciado en la práctica clínica diaria: doce años de experiencia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience using the combination abacavir, lamivudine plus non-boosted atazanavir (ABC/3TC+ATV) in a group of pretreated patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study to describe baseline characteristics and the evolution of patients who had received or were treating with ABC/3TC+ATV, from November 2004 and June 15th 2015, in the clinical setting. RESULTS: Overall, 236 patients were included in the study. Median age (IQR) was 45 (42-50) years and 69% were male. The main reasons for using this combination were previous toxicity in 130 patients (56%), simplification in 60 (20%) and virologic failure in 29 (14%). Previous treatment was based in boosted protease inhibitor in 115 patients (48.7%), 3 analogs in 56 (28%) and non-analogous based in 19 (8.1%). Median treatment length was 2.2 years (IQR0.8-5.3). A total of 66 (28%) patients continue receiving ABC/3TC+ATV (median time 5.7, IQR2.2-8.3), treatment was changed in 170 patients (72%) (median time 1.6 years, IQR0.7-3.6), and 22 (9.3%) patients were lost. Virological failure was assessed in 30 patients. CONCLUSION: In selected patients, ABC/3TC+ATV is a durable and attractive therapeutic alternative.

Infección urinaria por Mycobacterium fortuitum en paciente con infección por el VIH / Urinary infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in a patient with HIV infection

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Evolución favorable de la enfermedad de Castleman tratada con valganciclovir oral / Favorable outcome of Castleman’s disease treated with oral valganciclovir

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Rate, causes, and clinical implications of presenting with low CD4+ cell counts in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Of patients attending HIV clinics, neither the proportion with CD4(+) cell counts below 200 cells/microl, and therefore at risk for developing opportunistic infections (OIs), nor the reasons for the persistence of low CD4(+) cell counts are well known in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In an effort to gather data concerning this issue, the charts of all outpatients who attended two reference HIV clinics in Spain throughout the year 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Of 1897 subjects, 213 (11%) had at least one CD4(+) cell count determination below 200 cells/microl during 2001. The main reasons for presenting with low CD4(+) cell counts were as follows: (1) poor treatment adherence, 64 (30%); (2) poor immune recovery despite complete virus suppression for longer than 1 year on HAART, 47 (22%); (3) virologic failure under HAART, 33 (15%); (4) no antiretroviral therapy, 23 (11%); (5) initiation of HAART within the current year in subjects with very low CD4(+) cell counts, 17 (8%); (6) impediment in using HAART due to toxicity, 17 (8%); and (7) drug-induced myelotoxicity, 12 (6%). During the period under review, one or more OIs developed in 52 of the 213 (24%) patients with low CD4(+) cell counts. They occurred more frequently in subjects who were naive for antiretroviral drugs or who initiated therapy recently (RR, 6.45; 95% CI, 2.43-17.12; p < 0.001), and conversely tended to be less frequent among subjects with poor immune reconstitution despite complete virologic suppression while on HAART (RR 0.86; 95% CI, 0.28-2.62; p = 0.79). A lower lifetime CD4(+) cell count nadir was associated with a greater risk of developing an OI (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99; p < 0.001). We conclude that, despite the availability of HAART, more than 10% of patients currently attending HIV clinics have CD4(+) cell counts <200 cells/microl, and continue to be at risk for developing OIs. Poor treatment adherence and lack of immune recovery despite complete virus suppression while on HAART account for more than half of cases.

Prognosis and clinical evaluation of infection caused by Rhodococcus equi in HIV-infected patients: a multicenter study of 67 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical characteristics and the factors that influenced the prognosis of patients with HIV and infection caused by Rhodococcus equi. DESIGN: Observational, multicenter study in 29 Spanish general hospitals. SETTING: These hospitals comprised a total of 20,250 beds for acute patients and served a population of 9,716,880 inhabitants. PATIENTS: All patients with HIV and diagnosed R equi infection until September 1998. RESULTS: During the study period, 19,374 cases of AIDS were diagnosed. Sixty-seven patients were included (55 male patients; mean +/- SD age, 31.7 +/- 5.8 years). At the time of diagnosis of R equi infection, the mean CD4+ lymphocyte count was 35/ micro L (range, 1 to 183/ micro L) and the stage of HIV infection was A3 in 10.4% of patients, B3 in 31.3%, C3 in 56.7%, and unknown in 1.5%. R equi was most commonly isolated in sputum (52.2%), blood cultures (50.7%), and samples from bronchoscopy (31.3%). Chest radiographic findings were abnormal in 65 patients (97%). Infiltrates were observed in all of them, with cavitations in 45 patients. The most active antibiotics against the strains isolated were vancomycin, amikacin, rifampicin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin. After a mean follow-up of 10.7 +/- 12.8 months, 23 patients (34.3%) died due to causes related to R equi infection and 6 other patients showed evidence of progression of the infection. The absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was independently associated with mortality related to R equi infection (relative risk, 53.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 1,699). Survival of patients treated with HAART was much higher than that of patients who did not receive this therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Infection by R equi is an infrequent, opportunistic complication of HIV infection and occurs during advanced stages of immunodepression. In these patients, it leads to a severe illness that usually causes a bacteremic, cavitary pneumonia, although HAART can improve the prognosis.

[Spectrum of diseases in patients hospitalized with HIV infection in the HAART era]. / Motivo de ingreso hospitalario en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en la era del tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad.

BACKGROUND: HIV-associated opportunistic infections have changed since the introduction of HAART. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We reviewed the clinical records of patients with HIV infection admitted in an Infectious Diseases Unit since January 1996 to December 2001. RESULTS: There were 1.584 hospitalisations in 1.038 patients (each patient was hospitalised 1,5 times during the study). Most had AIDS (66%) and only 28,9% were receiving HAART. Pneumonia (21%) and tuberculosis (13%) were the most frequent causes of hospitalisation. Rates of death decreased every year. CONCLUSION: Most of HIV infected patients who need hospitalisation do not receive HAART, have AIDS and their rate of mortality has decreased.

Motivo de ingreso hospitalario en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en la era del tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad / Spectrum of diseases in patients hospitalized with HIV infection in the HAART era

FUNDAMENTO: Las enfermedades oportunistas en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) han cambiado desde la introducción del tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA).PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se revisan las historias clínicas de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de tratamiento de la infección por el VIH desde enero de 1996 hasta diciembre de 2001.RESULTADOS: Hubo 1.584 ingresos de 1.038 enfermos (1,5 ingresos por paciente a lo largo del estudio). El 66 por ciento tenía sida y el 28,9 por ciento recibía TARGA. La neumonía (21 por ciento) y la tuberculosis (13 por ciento) fueron las principales causas de hospitalización y se observó un descenso en la mortalidad. CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de los pacientes infectados por el VIH que ingresan no reciben TARGA, tienen sida y su mortalidad es menor... (AU)

Necrosis avascular de la cabeza femoral en pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en tratamiento antirretrovírico / Avascular necrosis of the femoral head among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral therapy

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Hipertensión pulmonar grave tratada con bajas dosis de carvedilol en una paciente con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Severe pulmonary hypertension treated with low dose carvedilol in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus

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Tuberculosis multirresistente por Mycobacterium bovis e infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. ¿Existen nuevas posibilidades terapéuticas? / Multidrug resistance tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Does exit another therapeutic aproach?

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